copyright 1997, Marvin Bartel, Photography Instructor, Goshen College file/photPrep.html Further editing (marked) by Paul M. Reimer, 1998, and Merrill Krabill, 2002, and again by Marvin Bartel, 2002.

L ocated in UN001, there are flatbed scanners and a slide/film scanner with which to convert any image to a computer file in Photoshop.

1. The scanners are listed in PhotoShop under File>Import.
2. Click on a the brand name of the scanner that you are planning to use.
3. Set resolutioin, Prescan and set the margins before activating the Scan button.
4. How to decide on scanner resolution you need.
   This depends on at least two issues.
   
   a. How large is your original compared to the size you want your final product to be?
   
   When using a negative scanner keep in mind that the negative is small so it needs to be scanned with a high resolution if you plan to make larger photograph.  I like to use one of the highest resolutions if I am planning to print an 8 x 10 or larger from a negative or 35 mm slide.
   When scanning prints from a flatbed scanner, less enlarging is needed.  If a 4 x 6 print is to printed as 4 x 6, scanning at around 250 or 300 pixels per inch would be good.  If it is to be doubled in size to 8 x 10, I would double the scanning resolution.  Remember, if you crop, you are cutting off and pixels and often enlarging those that are remaining.  Start with extra high resolution if you anticipate cropping the image.
   
   b. Will the image be printed or posted as a web page image?
   
   Since computer monitors persent web pages at 72 pixels per inch, higher resolutions are not needed during scanning for web pages unless the image size is to be increased.  If I am planning to scan a 4 x 6 print and present it on a web page at 6 x 9 inches, I would scan the print at a resolution of at least 106 so that it still has integrity at 72 after increasing the size to 150%.
   
   
   
   
   
   

1. Save it. After scanning, Save the file using the File>Save command from the top menubar in Photoshop. If you downloaded from a digital camera, your images will already be saved files.
1. Where to save . The first time a file is saved, you get a dialog box asking where you want to save it. Image files can be temporarily saved in a folder you make on the computer desktop (the Mac screen is called the desktop). Diskettes are too slow and may be too small for image files. Save it temporarily on the Mac desktop so it responds faster while you work. If you are more comfortable not using a Mac, Adobe Photoshop is also on the PCs on campus.
2. File size . Large high-resolution image files can respond very slowly in Photoshop. If this is a problem, you may want to scan at a lower resolution next time. In some cases low resolution just isn't good enough. See B-5 for more information about file sizes and to make smaller files after they are scanned.
3. Where to save when done working . Images that you want to keep should be saved in your own drive, on a Zip disk, or on 3.5-inch diskettes, [or directly to your webserver folder--see the GCWeb publishers' manual ]. Don't leave any personal files on an individual computer unless it is your own computer.
2. Enhance and Correct It. Use Adobe Photoshop to check and make corrections and enhancements. Here are several easy routines to help make an effective photograph.
1. Use Full Range of Tone. Go to the top menubar. Use Image>Adjust>Levels to take out any unused latitude. If the histogram shows a flat area at either end, use the sliders to eliminate the flat area. Almost every image will be improved by this simple adjustment. Experiment with the center slider, but most images do not need this adjustment. Select OK when finished.
2. Color Correction . Often digital photos have a slightly magenta cast. Others have the wrong color balance because of the light during photographing. Correct color balance by using the Image>Adjust >Variations . By experimentation the color can be made to look more natural. If we print out the image on a color printer, we generally find that the printer produces a different color balance than the monitor does. Artists who understand color theory can generally get a good print after two or three printouts. Some monitors can be "tuned" to match the printer, making it easier to use Variations.
3. Crop. Cropping should be done before finalizing the image size. Crop images to eliminate uninteresting, and/or distracting elements. The crop tool allows you to draw a rectangle on your image. It has handles on the corners and the sides which allow you to adjust the size of it. When you get it positioned where you want it you double-click within the area that will remain.
4. File Size.

[Paul suggests to web graphic designers that they do all resizing directly in units of pixels].
1. Use Ruler. If you don't see a ruler at the top and left of the image, press Ctrl +R. Use the ruler to help you visualize the size.
2. Image>Image Size from the top menubar can be used to change the image height and width.
3. The Image>Image Size dialog box also gives control of the file size by stipulating the resolution after we have stipulated the height or width of the image. Web page images can be set to a resolution of 72 after they are scaled to size. Lower than this will produce noticeable deterioration of quality. More than 72 probably won't make them look better. Images intended for printing will benefit from a resolution slightly better than the maximum resolution of the printer used.
5. Remove Blemishes. If your image has a distracting detail or blemish, take it out with the any one of several of the tools on the vertical tool bar. Zoom in on the area first using the magnifying glass from the vertical tool bar. Your cursor changes to a circle with a + sign. Click repeatedly to enlarge a detail. It shrinks the image again if you hold down the Option key on a Mac while clicking (use the Alt key on a PC).
1. The rubber stamp tool (cloning tool) is a convenient favorite for removing blemishes. It can replace a blemished portion or a distracting part of a photo with a color and texture from any place else on this photo or even from another photo open near by on the monitor.
• First you press the rubber stamp button.
• Then position your mouse where you find a color, tone, and texture you want to copy.
• Hold down the Option key (Alt key on a PC) and click once.
• Move the stamp to the blemish and click on it.
• Repeated use can cover a large blemish.
2. Adjusting the size of tools. If the stamp is covering an area too small or too large, the effective size is adjusted by selecting a different brush size. Brush size is one of the options for the rubber stamp tool that is at the top of the screen.


3. Sharpening. When you are done with adjusting the photo there is one last step that will enhance it alittle further. Go to Filters>Sharpen>Unsharp mask. Have your setttings at Amount=100%, Radius=1.5, Threshold=10. This will help define the features of the photo.

4. Saving when you are done.

When you have all of the adjustments that you want made choose File>Save for Web . In the dialogue box that appears there is a row of tabs at the top left corner, choose the 4-Up. The upper-left window is the original image. The other three can be given different settings and compared to see which is the best compromise between image quality and download time. The options from here on are beyond explaining in much detail for the time we will spend now. An oversimplified set of directions for an image coming from a typical photograph would be:
1. Click inside of one of the windows.
2. Set the file format (the scheme for compressing the image) to JPEG.
3. Set the quality at high.
4. Repeat steps 1-3 for the remaining windows with quality settings of medium and low.
5. Decide which is the smallest file that still maintains adequate image quality and click in that window.
6. Click Save.
7. In the dialogue box give the JPEG file a name and save it into your desktop folder. You will usually want Images only (not an HTML page with the image on it).
What you have done is to save a copy of the Photoshop file you have open with the chosen format and settings. Your original Photoshop image has not been changed or saved since you started the Save for Web process. When you close it the prompt will pop up asking you if you want to save changes to the file. Your choice there affects the Photoshop file, but has no effect on the xxxx.jpg file you generated.
5. Moving finished files to your network folders. When you are done, drag the files (Photoshop and JPEGs) from the desktop folder into a My Documents or My Pictures folder on your personal drives. At night files left on the desktop are erased, so don't leave information there you want to save.
6. Log off so nobody has access to your files or uses your printing account.